Brianna+Moore

**Slave Concentration, 1860**
" United States census of 1860".

In the 1860's, there were more plantations the North than in the South, but the Southern states, especially in the "cotton belt" had a majority of large plantations. The "cotton belt" was a strip of land in the southern United States. It spread across the states of Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi and South Carolina. This region had rich,dark soil perfect for growing cotton.

A majority of America's slave population was concentrated in the "cotton belt". Large cotton plantations required slave labor and the invention of the cotton gin increased the slave population. With the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, raw cotton could be quickly cleaned and sold. Cotton had then became a profitable crop and the demand for slaves to work on cotton plantations increased. The slave population of the United States increased from 698,000 to 3,954,000 between 1790 and 1860. By 1860, about 75 percent of slaves worked on plantations growing cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, and hemp but the majority grew cotton. About 15 percent of southern slaves were domestic servants, and about ten percent worked in commerce, trades, and industry in towns and cities. In some of these areas **slaves** **outnumbered whites 13 to 1.**

Since the 1790s, abolitionists had fought for an end to the international slave trade. The Pennsylvania Abolition Society, the Quakers in New York, and other organizations proposed an end to slavery to Congress. In January 1800, free black people in Philadelphia petitioned Congress to end the trade. Despite their efforts, the cotton boom spurred and slaves continued to be imported from Africa. Finally, on January 1, 1808, Congress officially banned the international slave trade. Though the importation of slaves was illegal in 1860, slave holders, especially in the "cotton belt", increased the number of slaves on their plantations. The cotton boom had boost the buying and selling of slaves. As a result, free blacks in the north were at risk of being kidnapped and sold into slavery in the south.

1. **True or False** In some areas in the "cotton belt" slaves outnumbered whites 13 to 1.
 * Test Question**

**Rochester, NY**

 * "**Rochester, NY, 1831".

In the winter of 1830 to 1831, a large number of religious revivals happened in the northern states. **The most dramatic and successful revivals took place in Rochester, New York.** Large audiences heard Charles G. Finney preach. Finney held prayer meetings almost daily and talked especially to those who had not experienced salvation. Hundreds of people came to him and church membership increased during his time in New York. The Christians of Rochester were urged to convert relatives, neighbors and employees.

Despite Finney's preaching, his call for religious and moral renewal wasn't heard in Rochester. The town on the Erie Canal was suffering from tensions arising from rapid economic development. Poor and lower class families were divided and workers were threatening to break fee from the control of their employers. Most converts were middle class businessmen who had been heavy drinkers and irregualr church goers. These men now abstained from alcohol and attended church at least twice a week. They also encouraged their employees in their workshops and mills to convert.

1. The most dramatic and successful revivals took place in a. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania b. Washington, D.C. c. Rochester, New York d. Buffalo, New York
 * Test Question**

**Charles G. Finney**
"Charles G. Finney, 1867"

Charles G. Finney was a clergyman, revivalist preacher, educator and is known as the father of modern revivalism in the time of the Second Great Awakening.
The Second Great Awakening was a Christian revival movement in 19th century America. Finney is best known as a religious revialist and an advocate for religious perfectionism.

Charles G. Finney was born on August 29, 1792 in Warren Connecticut. Though brought up in the Calvinist religion, Finney rejected the beliefs of the religion. Finney had believed that
man could achieve salvation by grace and accepting God as his savior not by good works and obedience. Finney broke the church's traditional belief that it was God's will to decide who would be saved. In 1821, Finney left his legal career and pursued theological education before being ordained in 1824 by the St. Lawrence Presbytery.

Finney preached in several major cities along the east coast. His sermons involved new revival techniques such as holding meetings for sinners, supplying sinners with an anxious seat, and allowing women to pray in public. His appeal was to emotion or to the heart rather than logical reason. He wanted his converts to feel the power of Christ and become new men and women. Finney believed strongly in social reform and **was involved in temperance movements and the abolition movements for slavery**. With his powerful preaching, Finney emerged as a leader in evangelical revivalism and continued his revivals until his death in 1875.

Charles G. Finney was also involeved in temperance movements and the abolition of slavery.
 * Test Question**
 * 1. True or False**

Erie Canal
"The Erie Canal, 1825".

Opened in 1825, the Erie Canal was an engineering marvel of the 19th century. The Erie Canal was key in the social and economic growth of the nation. The canal caused a westward movement and **gave acess to rich land and resources west of the Appalachian Mountains.** In the beginning of the 19th century, the Allegheny Mountains were the western frontier. The Northwest Territories that would later be Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Ohio were rich in timber, minerals, and fertile land for farming. It took weeks to reach this part of the United States and travelers were faced with bumpy roads. New York governor DeWitt Clinton had thought of a better way to travel: a Canal from Buffalo on the eastern shore of Lake Erie to Albany on the upper Hudson River. The canal cost $7 million to make and was 363 miles long, 40 feet wide and four feet deep. The effect of the Canal was immediate as settlers came west. Within 15 years of the canal opening, New York had become the busiest port in America.

1. **True or False** The Erie Canal gave access to rich land and resources west of the Appalachian Mountains.
 * Test Question**

**Jeremiah Paul, Revival Meeting**
"Revival Meeting, by Jeremiah Paul, 1850"

The picture above is a depiction of a Christian revival meeting and was **painted by Jeremiah Paul**, an American artist, in 1850. Revival meetings are Christian religious services held in order to inspire members of the church to raise money and gain converts. The meetings were sometimes held in cabins or outside. At the revivals, the preachers spoke with emotion and those attending were often dramatic; they cried, fainted and spoke in tongues. The revivals were also held to reach out to non-Christians and led to the formation of new Christian denominations.

1. The "Revival Meeting" was painted by a. Jeremiah Paul b. Jeremiah Payne c. Paul Jeremiah d. Payne Jeremiah
 * Test Question**

**"Collective Sins"**
"A slave family on a cotton plantation in Savannah, Georgia, 1860'

Charles G. Finney concentrated on religious conversion and moral uplifting of the individual and believed that the purification of American society and politics would follow. Other religious and moral reformers fought against the social and political institutions that failed to meet the standards of Christian Perfection. They attacked **"collective sins" such as slavery,** liquor trafficking, and war. Christians set up associations that wanted to rid the world of sin and social evil. These Evangelists founded moral reform societies and missions to spread the gospel. In 1816, the American Bible Society had been established to distribute Bibles in parts where the gospel was not known. Revival meetings had helped non- Christians learn the gospel and convert them.

Slavery was not a collective sin.
 * Test Question**
 * 1. True or False**

**Liquor Trafficking**
"The Drunkards Progress, by John Crowly, 1846 "

By the 1820s, whiskey had become a popular beverage because it was cheaper than milk and often safer to drink than water. The movement reformers were mostly women whose husbands had drank heavily and had endured the effects of alcoholism. Temperance organizations like the Anti-Saloon League and the Prohibition Party had fought for a ban on the sale of alcohol. Maine passed the first state prohibition law in 1846 and by the time the Civil War began, many states had followed. The ban on alcohol had sparked liquor trafficking throughout the United States.
 * The temperance movement had discouraged the use of alcohol** and had been an active movement in the U.S. since the 1830s. Alcohol was associated with poverty and insanity and temperance reformers viewed it as a threat to public morality. Being drunk was seen as a loss of self-control and a moral irresponsibility that caused crime, vice and disorder.

1. **True or False** The temperance movement was against the use of alcohol.
 * Test Question**

**Works Cited**
http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/beyond-the-textbook/23912 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3narr6.html http://www.clemson.edu/economics/undergraduate/ci/Income.htm http://www.canals.ny.gov/cculture/history/ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/erie-canal-opens http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/progress/prohib/ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/april/census-1860.htm http://www.fdic.gov/bank/analytical/firstfifty/worried.jpg http://www.ohiocivilwar150.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/1338.jpg http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/95721/Barge-near-the-western-end-of-the-Erie-Canal-New http://www.enotes.com/evangelicals-reference/evangelicals http://www.history.com/photos/slavery-slave-life http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91796265/ //America Past and Present //. Ap ed. New York City: Pearson Education, 2007. Print.