Azia+Henry

__** "The Impending Crisis of the South" by Hinton R. Helper **__ //The book, which was a combination of statistical charts and provocative prose, attracted little attention until 1859 when it was widely reprinted in condensed form by Northern opponents of slavery. Helper concluded that slavery hurt the Southern economy overall, and was the main reason why the South had progressed so much less than the North. **Helpers** spoke on behalf of the majority of Southern whites of moderate means—the Plain Folk of the Old South—who he said were oppressed by a small aristocracy of wealthy slave-owners. // //[] // //**Who wrote "The Impending Crisis of the South"?**//

//__** Slave numbers between 1810-1860 **__ // //The rise in the number of slaves after 1810 had all to do with the history of America and little to do with laws against the importation of slaves. The vast territories that were part of the **Louisiana Purchas** ////**e** included a large number // of slave owning citizens. Although the Louisiana Purchase was in 1803, it took time to organize these new states, and reporting the number of slaves may not have been an important priority. Part of West Florida included what we now call Louisianas "Florida Parishes". The National Park Services describes this slave owning area.

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 * Who had vast territories of slaves?**

__** Tobacco **__ In **1776**, during the American Revolutionary War, tobacco helped finance the revolution by serving as collateral for loans the Americans borrowed from France! Over the years, more and more scientists begin to understand the chemicals in tobacco, as well as the dangerous health effects smoking produces. In 1826, the pure form of nicotine is finally discovered. Soon after, scientists conclude that nicotine is a dangerous poison. In 1836, New Englander Samuel Green stated that tobacco is an insecticide, a poison, and can kill a man. In 1847, the famous Phillip Morris is established, selling hand rolled Turkish cigarettes. Soon after in 1849, J.E. Liggett and Brother is established in St. Louis, Mo. Chewing tobacco became quite popular at this time with the "cowboys" of the American west. In 1875, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (better known for its Reynolds Wrap Aluminum Foil) was established to produce chewing tobacco. It wasn't until the 1900's that the cigarette became the major tobacco product made and sold. Still, in 1901 3.5 billion cigarettes were sold, while 6 billion cigars were sold. In 1902, the British Phillip Morris sets up a New York headquarters to market its cigarettes, including a now famous Marlboro brand. Along with the popularity of cigarettes, however, was a small but growing anti-tobacco campaign, with some states proposing a total ban on tobacco. The demand for cigarettes grew however, and in 1913 R.J. Reynolds began to market a cigarette brand called Camel.

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 * What year did tobacco help finance the revolution?**

__** Cotton Gin **__ For the first two thousand years after people started to grow cotton in India, they just picked the seeds out by hand before they began to spin the cotton into thread. About 500 BC, cotton growers in India invented a machine with gears to turn rollers to get the seeds out of the cotton more quickly and easily. Over time, people improved this machine, so that it could be run first by foot pedals and then by water power, using the current of a fast stream to turn the rollers.They found a new short-staple kind of cotton, and grew that. But the old churkas wouldn't take the seeds out of this new short-staple cotton. Cotton farmers forced African people to work as slaves and pick the cotton seeds out by hand. Mostly they made them do it in the evenings, after they'd already worked all day in the fields picking the cotton. This was too slo w, and it made cotton very expensive - so expensive that nobody wanted to make clothes out of it.This was a big problem, and a lot of people began to work on inventing a new kind of churka that would get the seeds out of short-staple cotton. Finally in 1793, just after the Revolutionary War, a young white man named ** Eli Whitney ** did invent a cotton gin that worked. It was a lot like the old churka, but it had steel teeth that caught the cotton fibers, and a system of pulleys to pull harder [] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Who invented the cotton gin?**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> __** Cash Crop **__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The term is used to differentiate from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family. In earlier times cash crops were usually only a small (but vital) part of a farm's total yield, while today, especially in the developed countries, almost all crops are mainly grown for cash. In non-developed nations, cash crops are usually crops which attract demand in more developed nations, and hence have some export value. In many tropic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">al and subtropical areas, jute, **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">coffee **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">, cocoa, sugar cane, bananas, oranges and cotton are common cash crops. In cooler areas, grain crops, oil-yielding crops and some vegetables and herbs are predominate; an example of this is the United States, where corn, wheat, soybean are the predominant cash crops. Coca, poppies and cannabis are other popular black-market cash crops, the prevalence of which varies. **Name one cash crop** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">__** George Fitzhugh **__

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> 1806-1881. Slavery advocate. **Fitzhugh**, from Port Royal, Va., was the descendant of an old southern family that had fallen on hard times. He practiced law and struggled as a small planter but made a reputation with two books, Sociology for the South (1854) and Cannibals All! (1857) which alarmed northerners like Abraham Lincoln and roused southerners to take new and higher ground in defense of slavery. Fitzhugh insisted that all labor, not merely black, had to be enslaved and that the world must become all slave or all free. He defined "slavery" broadly to include <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">all systems of servile labor. These views had become commonplace in the South by the 1850s. His originality lay in the insight that slavery could only survive and prevail if the capitalist world market were destroyed. He understood that organic social relations and attendant values could not survive in a world dominated by capitalist competition and bourgeois individualism. **Who was a slavery advocate?** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__ Cassius M. Clay __** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10px;">Clay, Cassius M., major-general, was born in Madison county, Ky., Oct. 19, 1810. He attended Centre college, Ky., and Transylvania university, and was graduated from Yale in 1832. Gen. Clay's career was that of an **abolitionist** and diplomatist rather than a soldier, though the part he took in war was most creditable to him. Entering the Mexican war as captain of a volunteer company which had already as an organization distinguished itself at Tippecanoe in 1811, he was taken prisoner, in 1847, with several others, while more than 100 miles in advance of the main army, and saved the lives of the party by gallantry and presence of mind. He was appointed by President Lincoln, March 28, 1861, minister to Russia, and was preparing to leave when the national capital was threatened. He enlisted volunteers and organized Clay's battalion, which he commanded until troops from the North arrived, and then left for St. Petersburg, where his influence did much to make the Czar favorable to the Union. Resigning in June, 1862, he accepted a position as major-general of volunteers, which he held until the following March, when he resigned to become again minister to Russia. Gen. Clay was for years a picturesque figure in national politics. Before the war he was an ardent abolitionist, and published in spite of mob violence, and threats upon his life, a paper called "The True American,, which he circulated in Kentucky. He was an important figure in almost every national election until after the defeat of Blaine, in 1884, when he retired to a quiet life at his home, "Whitehall," Ky., where he lived to an extreme old age. **What was Cassius Clay?** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]