Belinda+Pierre-Louis

Lyman Beecher
Lyman Beecher was born in 1775 in New Haven, Connecticut. He went to Yale College to study ministry and graduated in 1797. He became well known for his fiery sermons against intemperance and slavery. His reputation spread across the U.S. Dynamic preaching and a published sermon against dueling earned him a modest reputation, and in 1810 he accepted the more prestigious pulpit of the Congregational Church of Litchfield, Connecticut. Because of a fire, which was ignited by whiskey stored in the basement, he believed he was under attack for the sermons he made against the evils of liquor. In 1832, he moved to Cincinnati, Ohio and he accepted the position of president at Lane Theological Seminary. There, he educated potential ministers to spread across the American West and save people from their sinful ways. However, during his years at Lane, he faced many controversies over the subject of slavery. The country was under a threat of having the nation divided by slavery. Many of the students there favored abolitionism, but many of the staff--including Beecher--refused to offer classes to African Americans. Because of this, a groups of about fifty students left the seminary.


 * Cist, Charles. //Lane Theological Seminary, Walnut Hills.// . N.d. Cincinnati in 1841. Its Early Annals and Future Prospects, Cincinnati . //The Philadelphia Print Shop, Ltd.//. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.

Which types of sermons was Lyman Beecher famous for? a.) sermons against prostitution and fires b.) sermons for increase in the religious vocations

**c.) sermons against intemperance and slavery**
d.) sermons for abolition and intemperance

Work Cited:
 * "Lyman Beecher - Ohio History Central - A product of the Ohio Historical Society." //Ohio History Central - An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History - Ohio Historical Society//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. .
 * "The Beecher Tradition : Lyman Beecher." //Baruch College | Newman Library Home//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. .

=American Temperance Society=

Since the Revolution, whiskey had become the most popular beverage; it was cheaper than milk or beer and safer than water, which was often contaminated. Drinking was often a male vice, and the main target of propaganda was the husband and father who abused, neglected, or abandoned his family. The "respectable" citizens feared that the lower class mobs would create riots and wreck private properties. Originally named the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, the American Temperance Society was established in Boston by Lyman Beecher and Dr. Justin Edwards. Dr. Edwards said the purpose of the organization was to promote temperance while letting drunkards "die off and rid the world of 'an amazing evil'." The ATS urged members of the "respectable" classes to reform themselves and relied on "moral suasion". Within five year, there were 2200 local chapters in the country and over 170,000 members took the pledge. Within ten years, over 8000 local groups were founded and over 1.5 million people took the pledge to abstain from "ardent spirits", or hard liquor, excluding wine and beer. As time passed, members pressed for the mandatory reprimand from drinking, included beer and wine, instead of voluntarily.


 * Everett. //The Down Hill Road.Temperance Print. Temperance print showing a young man taking leave of his mother, giving in to alcohol, and ending in the grave over which his mother mourns.//. 1878. Everett Collection, United States of America. //SuperStock//. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.
 * On the top-left corner, it shows a young man taking leave of his mother saying, "Good bye Mother--Don't worry about me!" Top-right corner shows the young man at a bar saying, "Just one glass, you know." The center picture is captioned "A High old time." The bottom-left corner is captioned "At least it biteth like a Serpent and Stingeth like an adder." The bottom-right picture shows the mother mourning over her son's grave saying, "My poor boy!"

Why did whiskey become a popular beverage with many Americans? a.) there were no laws against it

**b.) it was cheaper than milk or beer, and safer than water**
c.) everybody could drink it, even children

Work Cited
 * "The American Temperance Society." //WWW2 Webserver//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. .
 * "Temperance Archive." //Macromedia Flash Detection HTML Example//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. .

=**Domesticity**= The evangelical culture of the 1820s and 1830s influenced the family as an institution and inspired new conceptions of its role in American society. Women were increasingly confined to the domestic circle; their place was their home. Their responsibilities were to look after children, sew, cook, and clean. Besides this, women often took in washing or piecework to supplement a meager family income. In some families, men had total control over finances; in others, wives handled the husband’s paycheck. In benevolent societies, women were also allowed to organize meetings, public appeals, made contracts, and sometimes gave orders to male subordinates. Life was especially hard for African-American women. Most of them were "free Negroes rather than slaves that did not have husbands who made enough to support them, and there were obliged to serve in white households or long hours at home doing other people's washing and sewing.

True or False: African-American women had a more difficult life than white women.
 * -True**

=Changes in the American Family= Servants, apprentices, and others gradually dropped out of the definition of family. Servants no longer slept within the same house as the family, and apprentices rented rooms elsewhere. By the 19th century, the nuclear family, consisting of a father and mother and their dependent children, had become the model. The ideal, loving family could be found in magazines, poems, and religious tracts. In some families, resources went to the eldest son, so he could make money and later support his parents and siblings. In other families, all boys were treated equally or all boys and girls were equal. Some families valued close ties and insisted that older children settle near their parents, while others sent their sons out West, to the cities, or simply on the road in hopes of a better future. The middle-class family now became "child-centered," which meant that the care, nurture, and rearing of children was viewed as the family's main function. This greatly contrasted with earlier times, when children were treated as miniature adults and were given more responsibility than playtime. One important explanation for the growing focus on childhood is the smaller size of families. If nineteenth-century families had remained as large as those of earlier times, it would have been impossible to lavish so much care and attention on individual. This is probably why the nineteenth century was also known as "the century of the child."

Why did children of the nineteenth century receive more attention and care than colonial children? a.) children of the colonial time period were juvenile delinquents b.) it's unknown c.) parents needed less helpers on the farm in the nineteenth century
 * d.) smaller size of families**

Work Cited: = = =**Marriage for Love**= Many nineteenth-century Americans placed new value on ties of affection among family members, especially a married couple joined by romantic love, not economic reasons. Parents now exercised even less control over their children's selection of mates than they had in the colonial period. In the eighteenth-century letters had been formal and distant in tone. By the nineteenth-century, first names, pet names, and terms of affection--darling, honey, were increasingly used by both sexes. In their absence, men wrote letters expressing their lost without their wives; the wives responded with counsel in many subjects.
 * "19th-Century Families - Family Life - People - USA - North America: work shape, department store, child custody, health insurance, seeking husband." //Countries Quest//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. .
 * Divine, Robert A., T.H. Breen, George M. Fredrickson, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross, and H.W. Brands. "Chapter 12: The Pursuit of Perfection ." //America Past and Present Eight Edition// . Eight Edition ed. New York, San Francisco, Boston, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, Singapore, Madrid, Mexico City, Minich, Paris, Cape Town, Hong Kong, Montreal: Pearson Education, 2007. 337-340. Print.

During the nineteenth century, why did men and women join in marriage? a.) they were forced to by parents c.) economic reasons d.) it was the law
 * b.) they were joined by romance**

=Cult of Domesticity= The view that women had a specific role to play in the domestic sphere as guardians of virtue and spiritual heads of the home is described as Cult of Domesticity, or "Cult of True Womanhood." The ideal woman knew her place and was one of purity and piety. The weekly schedule of "drudge" likely included laundry on Monday, ironing and mending on Tuesday, baking on Wednesday and Saturday, daily tidying of kitchen and parlor, and thorough cleaning on Thursday and again on Saturday. This was in addition to childcare, three meals a day, hauling water and keeping the fire burning in the stove, a chore that in itself took at least one hour each day. Then there was making the family garments and seasonal preserving of fruits, vegetables and meat. Often, too, the scope of work extended to the farm itself. Women had charge of the farm garden, livestock and poultry and work related to "civilizing" the farm. During planting and harvest, if she did not work in the fields herself, she provided room and board for the extra help that did. Women were expected to stay at home while their husband went off to work farther away from home. Women were though to be intellectually and physically inferior to men. N/A. //Women's work in eighteenth and nineteenth century Bethel was often tedious and backbreaking. Few today can imagine the difficulties faced in the never-ending routine of home life during this earlier time.//. N.d. All in a Day's Work, Bethel. //Bethel: A Historic Town//. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.

The intellectual assumption was based on two observations:
 * 1) Women's brain was compared as smaller than men's
 * 2) Another theory was from the pseudoscience, phrenology. Phrenology was a complex art of reading and feeling the bumps and curves of a skull to determine one's psychological attributes. Women's brains were deemed primitive and inferior compared to men's. It was clear to phrenologists who studied cranium that "woman is a constantly growing child, and in the brain, as in so many other parts of her body, she conforms to her childish type."

Women's subjacent physicalness was determined by these observations:
 * 1) The fact that women are generally smaller than men generalized that men are physically superior.
 * 2) The knowledge that women menstruated, and therefore were believed physically incapacitated every month. Menstruation was regarded as a periodic illness inflicted upon women. Clearly women were inferior to men who were not interrupted or incapacitated every month by illness.
 * 3) Women were deemed more delicate and weak than men because the female nervous system was finer, more irritable, and more prone to over-stimulation and fatigue than the male nervous system, because of the "unpredictable nature" of the female reproductive system.

What is the study of feeling and reading the curves and bumps of a skull to determine one's psychological attributes? a.) neuroimaging b.) infrared spectroscopy d.) single-unit recording
 * c.) phrenology**

Work Cited: =Presbyterian Evangelist= Lyman Beecher was the first great practitioner of the new evangelical Calvinism. Beecher helped promote a series of revivals in the Congregational churches of New England. He induced thousands to acknowledge their sinfulness and surrender to God. During the late 1820s, Beecher was forced to confront th new and radical form of revivalism being practiced by Charles G. Finney. Lyman Beecher and eastern evangelicals were disturbed by Finney's new methods and by the emotionalism that accompanied them. They were also upset because he violated long-standing Christian tradition by allowing women to pray aloud in church. An evangelical summit meeting between Beecher and Finney failed to reach agreement on this and other issues.
 * "True Womanhood." //College of Staten Island Library//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. .
 * Hartman, Dorothy W.. "Lives-Of-Women." //Conner Prairie Interactive History Park//. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. .

Who was the first great practitioner of the new evangelical Calvinism? a.) Charles G. Finney b.) Rev. Timothy Dwight d.) John Knox
 * c.) Lyman Beecher**