Mazi+Richburg

Mazi Richburg

**Middle Class Identity and Purpose**


The years from 1820 - 1860 were among the most chaotic in American history. It was time of significant changes that took place as the United States came of age. During these years, the nation was transformed from an underdeveloped nation of farmers and frontiersmen into an urbanized economic powerhouse. The middle class during this period was known as the working class. Most of them were farmers who worked at home. This trend ended around when the American Civil started, where the working class in the North was now leaning toward the industrial business, while in the south there were still. The industrial boom was the result of the invention of the cotton gin and also the result of millions of immigrants moving into the cities.

a. medium class c. minimum wage class d. create-a-class e. immigrant class
 * The middle class was also known as the**
 * b. working class**

video: http://www.iuoh.info/search.php?get=ZP2jl9KF7LKwHng9vFsZfV4o20hYmxADfJtx8DCC1zFF5Sq8YBaoPe%2BGP0A8cvGvBpkyLSTIKIwrEBgUi0t3JQ%3D%3D&sa=1ad7eb16e36&bit=3 photo: http://www.prodigyinstruments.com/images/luthies.jpg http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/precivilwar/context.html http://richardjohnbr.blogspot.com/2011/02/educating-middle-classes-1800-1870.html http://www.angelfire.com/ar3/townevictorian/middleworkingclass.html

**War on Sin**


Pre-Civil War period was marked by a flurry of religious revivalism that spread throughout every region of the United States. Beginning with the Second Great Awakening which was a sudden evangelical movement that started around the turn of the nineteenth century. This renewed interest in religion arose primarily as a backlash against the Enlightenment and so-called “age of reason” that had inspired thinkers such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine. Hundreds of roving preachers began to spread a variety of gospels on circuit routes, setting up revivalist camps in rural areas that attracted thousands of new converts. Reverend Charles G. Finney was an Evangelical preacher who held fiery, popular camp-style meetings. He was one of the most popular revivalists of the time, spread his version of the Good Word to thousands of Americans over the course of fifty years. He His converted were often so overcome with religion that they would roll, jerk, shake, shout, and even bark in a frenzy of salvation.


 * Reverend Charles G. was a(an)**
 * a. Evangelical preacher who held fiery, popular camp-style meetings**
 * b.** Founder of the Mormon church, which attracted a large following
 * c.** Leader of the Millerite movement; projected 1844 as the end of the world
 * d.** Redguard of the Infindelites; attracted Nords
 * e.** Leader of the Jacksonians**;** revered Andrew Jackson

video: http://www.iuoh.info/search.php?get=ZP2jl9KF7LKwHng9vFsZfV4o20hYmxADfJtx8DCC1zHeXxsglZPT3r6mFw68hxdJ4JYD179Cvk3AwTZpoXsucniRxIaVYJyDH9ZFr52gOU%2FItAVWRSVt3yu8XS3U%2FhLo&sa=1ad7eb16e36&bit=3 photo: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Z4W2zfWq12M/Sh6Hm84jjOI/AAAAAAAABI8/GrZC6Yk3rS8/s320/2243534228_27e2c158c4.jpg http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/precivilwar/section8.rhtml

**Separation of Church and State**


The right to freedom of religion is so central to American democracy that it was enshrined in the First Amendment to the Constitution along with other fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of the press.In order to guarantee an atmosphere of absolute religious liberty, this country's founders also mandated the strict separation of church and state. Largely because of this prohibition against government regulation or endorsement of religion, diverse faiths have flourished and thrived in America since the founding of the republic.

video: http://www.iuoh.info/search.php?get=ZP2jl9KF7LKwHng9vFsZfV4o20hYmxADfJtx8DCC1zEPuZ3SK%2FP3ZK7oS5WqcMBuBruy76dbP7SvXpC8qYG02Q%3D%3D&sa=1ad7eb16e36&bit=3 photo: http://blogs.courant.com/susan_campbell/17518034_6d9144cd43.jpg http://www.adl.org/issue_religious_freedom/separation_cs_primer.asp

b. Second Amendment c. Third Amendment d. Fourth Amendment e. All of the Above
 * Freedom of Religion was enshrined in which Amendment?**
 * a. First Amendment**

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The nineteenth century has been called "the century of the child." childhood was seen as a distinct stage of life requiring the special and sustained attention of adults until age 13 or 14. **The middle-class family now became child-centered.** In earlier times, adults treated children in a more casual way, often sending them away from home for education or apprenticeship at a very early age. In the early 19th century, however, children were staying at home longer and **receiving much more attention from parents**, especially mothers. Each child was now looked on as a unique and irreplaceable individual.======

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 * New customs and fashions heralded the "discovery" of childhood.** Books aimed specifically at juveniles and parents became more self-conscious about their responsibilities and sought help from a new literature providing expert advice on child care. In addition, corporal punishment declined, partially displaced by shaming or withholding of affection. **One important explanation for the growing focus on childhood is the smaller size of families**. If families had remained as large as those of earlier times, it would have been impossible to lavish so much care and attention on individual offspring. **Parents seemed to understand that having fewer children meant they could provide their offspring with a better life.**======

a. Governmental influence b. Huge increase in wealthy families d. Heavy emphasis on religious practices e. Children demanded more attention
 * What one important explanation for the growing focus on childhood?**
 * c. Smaller size of families**

http://www1.iwon.com/home/parenting/parenting_article/0,18900,|baby|13216,00.html photo: http://www.portaltothepast.co.uk/gibsonfamily.jpg

**Women's Place in Society**


photo: http://vivalalgerie.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/we-can-do-it.jpg http://www.teachushistory.org/detocqueville-visit-united-states/articles/early-19th-century-attitudes-toward-women-their-roles

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In the early 19th century, the view that women had a special role to play in the domestic sphere as guardians of virtue and spiritual heads of the home has been described as the **Cult of Domesticity** or the "Cult of True Womanhood." The ideal wife and mother was " an angel in the house," a model of piety and virtue who exerted a wholesome moral and religious influence over members of the coarser sex. In the eighteenth century and earlier, most economic activity had been centered in and near the home, and husbands and wives often worked together in a common enterprise. By the early to mid-nineteenth century this way of life was declining, especially in the Northeast. In Urban areas, unmarried working-class women often lived on their own and toiled as household servants, in the sweatshops of the garment industry, and in the factories. Middle-class women whose husbands or fathers earned a good income had the leisure to read extensively the new literature directed primarily at housewives, to participate in female-dominated charitable activities, and to cultivate deep and lasting friendships with other women.======

The view the women had a special role to play in the domestic sphere as guardians of virtue and spiritual heads of the home has been described as the: a. Cult of True Manhood c. Cultivation of Females d. Foreign Feminine Culture e. Cult of Felines
 * b. Cult of Domesticity**

**Catherine Beacher**


Catherine Esther Beecher was born in 1800, during a period when the "cult of domesticity" was the accepted doctrine for women. Helping to care for her large family, she was educated at home until the age of ten when she was sent to a private school where she was taught the limited curriculum available to young women. Through self-study she learned the subjects not offered in schools for young ladies and by 1824 was convinced that her mission was "to find happiness in living to do good." That year she opened a private school for young ladies in Hartford, Connecticut known as the Hartford Female Seminary which taught the higher branches of learning. She went West with her father and organized the **Western Female Institute in Cincinnati**, which prospered until 1837. Returning to the East she helped organize "**The Ladies Society for Promoting Education in the West**," and was instrumental in the founding of women's colleges at Burlington, Iowa, Quincy, Illinois, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. **Catherine is recognized as one of the early promoters of higher education for women, and taught, lectured and wrote on the subjects of education, domestic economy, women's health and calisthenics until her death in 1878.**

a. fighting in the military c. First female Speaker of the State d. Inventing the Cotton Gin e. improving the education system in Massachusetts
 * What is Catherine Beecher recognized for?**
 * b. early promoter of higher education for women**

photo: http://www.mnhs.org/school/historyplayers/bios/images/h_bishop.jpg http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/2001/beecher/catherine.htm

**Horace Mann**


photo: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Horace_Mann.jpg http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agexed/aee501/mann.html

Horace Mann was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, May 4, 1796. His youth was lived in poverty and hardship on the family farm. His schooling was limited to about three months of instruction during each year. However, he mastered the tenets of the orthodox Calvinist faith by the age of ten. He rejected this faith when he was twenty-three years old in favor of Unitarianism. His remarks to the graduating class at Antioch College a few weeks before his death, "Be ashamed to die before you have won some battle for humanity," reflects his Unitarian convictions. These beliefs, accepting the possibility of improvement of the human race, played no small role in Mann's efforts to establish free, public, non-sectarian education for every man and woman. Between 1827 and 1848, Horace Mann had a brilliant career, first as a State Representative and then as a Senator, in the Massachusetts Legislature. He was active in establishing a state mental hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1837 Horace Mann accepted the position of First Secretary of the State Board of Education in Massachusetts. **His humanitarian impulses led him to abandon a highly promising career in politics in favor of education. He took office at a time when glaring weaknesses existed in public education in Massachusetts.** Mann achieved the following in his twelve years as First Secretary:


 * **Campaigned for Education**
 * **Established Schools For Teacher Training -** The first Normal School for Teachers was established in Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1839 through the efforts of Mann.
 * **Established School District Libraries**
 * **Won Financial Backing for Public Education -** Mann knew the importance of money in making educational progress. Through his efforts, the wages of teachers were more than doubled, supervision of teaching improved with compensated school committees, fifty new secondary schools were built, State aid to education doubled, and textbooks and educational equipment improved.
 * **Extended His Influence Beyond Massachusetts -**

a. New York b. Pennsylvania c. Virginia d. Deleware
 * Horace Mann began imporving the educational system starting with which state?**
 * e. Massachusetts**